उत्तर प्रदेश में अनुसूचित जातियां

सुधा पई : उत्तर प्रदेश की विडम्बना यह है कि यह अन्य राज्यों की अपेक्षा अत्यन्त पिछड़ा एवं अविकसित राज्य है. भारत के अन्य राज्यों की तुलना में इसका साक्षरता प्रतिशत एवं प्रति व्यक्ति आय का स्तर भी औसत से अत्यन्त निम्न है. राजनीतिक शक्ति की असीमित असमानता की प्रवृत्ति के कारण लोकतन्त्रीकरण की प्रक्रिया में जनता का एक विशाल भाग प्रभावी राजनीतिक सहभागिता के सर्वथा विमुख ही रहा है. परिणामस्वरूप सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक रूप से भी परिवर्तन की गति अत्यन्त मन्द एवं विलम्बित रही है. इस प्रकार के परिवर्तन में सर्वाधिक दयनीय दशा वाली अनुसूचित जातियां अपने अति निम्न सामाजिक स्तर तथा निर्धनता से त्रस्त हैं. सामाजिक एवं राजनीतिक रूप से उत्तर प्रदेश में परिवर्तन की प्रकृति सकारात्मक दिशा में गतिशील है.

1980 के दशक में समाज में तीव्र गति से लोकतंत्रीकरण इस तथ्य का द्योतक है कि अनुसूचित जातियां अपनी विशिष्ट दलित पहचान बनाने में सफल हुई हैं तथा राजनीतिकरण की बढ़ती हुई प्रवृत्ति ने उन्हें कांग्रेस पार्टी को नकारकर बहुजन समाज पार्टी, जो कि इन समस्त परिवर्तनों की प्रेरणा है, का समर्थक बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई है.

सामाजिक मन्थन की इस प्रक्रिया ने उच्च एवं निम्न जातियों के मध्य द्वन्द्वों की तथा परस्पर विरोधी प्रवृत्तियों की उत्पत्ति क है. आर्थिक एवं राजनीतिक परिवर्तन ने एक ऐसी पीढ़ी को जन्म दिया है जो सर्वथा नवीन, शिक्षित, प्रगतिशील एवं सकारात्मक दृष्टिकोण से परिपूर्ण है तथा जो अतीत के अनुभवों से शिक्षित होकर भावी समय में समस्त शोषणों एवं अत्याचारों को नकार रही है. यह मात्र राजनीतिक गत्यात्मकता ही है जो अनुसूचित जातियों के लिये समस्त परिवर्तनों की आधारशिला है.

उत्तर प्रदेश की ऐतिहासिक पृष्ठभूमि पर यदि दृष्टिपात किया जाए तो यह तथ्य स्पष्टत: परिलक्षित होता है कि अनुसूचित जातियां सदैव से ही अत्यधिक निर्धन एवं दीन-हीन दशा में रहीं हैं. स्वतनत्रता प्राप्ति के पश्चात् जो भी विकास कार्य किए गए तत्वत: वे उनकी सामाजिक-आर्थिक स्थिति को सुधारने में अक्षम ही रहे. 1980 के दशक के कुछ वर्षों में यह कहा जा सकता है कि कुछ विकास कार्यों ने अनुसूचित जातियों की स्थित को सुधारने में महती भूमिका निभाई. हरित क्रान्ति ने कृषि के क्षेत्र में नियोजन को बढ़ाया तथा दूसरी तरफ शहरीकरण की प्रक्रिया ने रोजगार के अवसरों में वृद्धि की. शिक्षा के प्रसार ने एक नवीन अभिजन वर्ग को जन्म दिया जो उद्यमिता एवं व्यवसायीकरण पर आधारित था, जिसने कृषि से पृथक रोजगार के क्षेत्र में कोटा पद्धति के प्रयोग से अपने आपको लाभान्वित किया. तथापि परिवर्तन की गति अत्यन्त धीमी रही एवं निर्धनता आज भी विद्यमान है. अनुसूचित जातियों का मात्र एक वर्ग – चमार – इन समस्त विकासों का लाभ लेने में सफल रहा. इसने कुछ अधिकारों से पूर्ण एक मध्य एवं निम्न मध्यम वर्ग को जन्म दिया जो 1980 एवं 1990 के दशकों में एक नवीन दलित चेतना का मुखऱ बिन्दु रहा.

इस तथ्य के बावजूद कि उत्तर प्रदेश में आज भी अनुसूचित जातियों का साक्षरता प्रतिशत एवं शैक्षणिक उपलब्धियां अत्यन्त निम्न हैं, यह कहा जा सकता है कि इस क्षेत्र में अनेक परिवर्तन दृष्टिगोचर हो रहे हैं, यद्यपि इसका भी लाभ अनुसूचित जातियों के एक छोटे से भाग को ही मिला है. राजकीय एवं वैयक्तिक (स्ववित्तपोषित) विद्यालयों में इन जातियों के विद्यार्थियों की संख्या अन्य राज्यों यथा – तमिलनाडु, पंजाब, पश्चिम बंगाल इत्यादि से तुलना में कम है किन्तु जब हम वैयक्तिक (स्ववित्तपोषित) विद्यालयों का विश्लेषण करते हैं तो यह तथ्य उजागर होता है कि उत्तर प्रदेश में इन विद्यालयों में सम्पूर्ण देश की अपेक्षा सर्वाधिक संख्या में छात्र नामांकित हैं. अनुसूचित जातियां स्वयं इन विद्यालयों की स्थापना कर रही हैं. क्योंकि वे राजकीय शिक्षण संस्थाओं के गुणवत्ताविहीन शैक्षणिक स्तर से कदाचित् अप्रसन्न हैं. इन विद्यालयों की स्थापना का उद्देश्य है डॉ. अम्बेडकर के विचारों का प्रसार एवं प्रचार तथा यह सिद्ध करना कि अनुसूचित जातियों के छात्र जीवन के प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में तथाकथित ‘मनुवादियों’ से सफलतापूर्वक प्रतियोगिता करने में सक्षम हैं.

आर्थिक क्षेत्र में भी कई परिवर्तन परिस्थितायां दृष्टिगोचर हो रही हैं. कृषि तो रोजगार का प्रधान माध्यम है ही, उत्पादन एवं औद्योगिक क्षेत्र में भी सक्रियता उल्लेखनीय है. किन्तु इसका प्रतिशत अत्यन्त कम है. कृषि-विहीन क्षेत्रों में रोज़गार ‘सरकारी सेवा’ की ओर प्रवृत्त है न कि उत्पादन के क्षेत्र में. वास्तविक श्रम की दर भी उत्तर प्रदेश में राष्ट्रीय औसत दर से कम है. यद्यपि समय के साथ इसमें वृद्धि के तत्व भी परिलक्षित हो रहे हैं. पूर्ववर्ती वर्षों की तुलना में अनुसूचित जातियों की आर्थिक स्थिति में सुधार की प्रवृत्तियां उल्लेखनीय हैं तथापि आज भी इनका स्तर रोज़गार के कम अवसरों एवं न्यूनतम श्रम दर के कारण अत्यन्त निम्न है. राजनीतिक क्षेत्र में उत्तर प्रदेश में महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन विचारणीय हैं. 1980 के दशक में तेज़ हुई लोकतन्त्रीकरण एवं राजनीतिकरण की प्रक्रिया ने अनुसूचित जातियों को असमान सामाजिक व्यवस्था तथा उच्च जातियों के वर्चस्व की भावना के विरुद्ध प्रश्न चिन्ह् लगाने के प्रति जाग्रत किया एवं अपने अस्तित्व को सिद्ध करने के लिये प्ररेति किया. इस जागरण ने इन्हें क्रान्तिकारी दल के गठन की ओर उन्मुख किया जो उन्हें उनके अधिकार सौंपने में सफल हो सके तथा राज्य में शक्ति हस्तगत करने के योग्य हो.

बहुजन समाज पार्टी द्वारा उत्तर प्रदेश में जो आन्दोलन चलाया किया गया उसने एक नवीन दलित पहचान, राजनीतिक क्रियाशीलता तथा अपने दल के लिये अनुसूचित जातियों के शक्तिशाली वोट बैंक की स्थापना की. मायावती सरकार ने प्रथम बार सत्ता ग्रहण करने पर दलितों की स्थिति को सुधारने के लिये अनेक कार्य किए. अपनी समस्त योजनाओं में दलित जनता के अधिकारों एवं सुविधाओँ को प्रमुखता प्रदान करते हुये विकास कार्यों को गति प्रदान की. इस प्रकार उत्तर प्रदेश में आज राजनीति सामाजिक सुधार एवं उत्थान की कुंजी के रूप में सक्रिय है. यह प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक चुनवी राजनीति ही है जिसने अनुसूचित जातियों को राजनीतिक सत्ता की शक्ति प्रदान की है. बहुजन समाज पार्टी ने अधिकार विहीन दलित वर्ग को आर्थिक रूप से पुनर्स्थापित करने के लक्ष्य को राज्य में सत्ता एवं शक्ति के माध्यम से सम्भव बनाया है.

प्रस्तुत लेख ‘जर्नल ऑफ इंडियन स्कूल ऑफ पोलिटिकल इकॉनोमी, अनुसूचित जातियां विशेषांक’, अंक 13, संख्या 3-4, जुलाई-दिसम्बर, 2000, पृष्ठ 405-422 से साभार उद्धृत. मूल लेख ‘चेन्जिंग सोशियो-इकोनोमिक एण्ड पोलिटिकल प्रोफाइल ऑफ शेड्यूल्ड कास्ट्स इन उत्तर प्रदेश’ शीर्षक से प्रकाशित.

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